National colors : racial classification and the state in Latin America / Mara Loveman.

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

The era of official color-blindness in Latin America has come to an end. For the first time in decades, nearly every state in Latin America now asks their citizens to identify their race or ethnicity on the national census. Most observers approvingly highlight the historic novelty of these reforms, but National Colors shows that official racial classification of citizens has a long history in Latin America. Through a comprehensive analysis of the politics and practice of official ethnoracial classification in the censuses of nineteen Latin American states across nearly two centuries, this book explains why most Latin American states classified their citizens by race on early national censuses, why they stopped the practice of official racial classification around mid-twentieth century, and why they reintroduced ethnoracial classification on national censuses at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Beyond domestic political struggles, the analysis reveals that the ways that Latin American states classified their populations from the mid-nineteenth century onward responded to changes in international criteria for how to construct a modern nation and promote national development. As prevailing international understandings of what made a political and cultural community a modern nation changed, so too did the ways that Latin American census officials depicted diversity within national populations. The way census officials described populations in official statistics, in turn, shaped how policymakers viewed national populations and informed their prescriptions for national development--with consequences that still reverberate in contemporary political struggles for recognition, rights, and redress for ethnoracially marginalized populations in today's Latin America.

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CHOICE Review

The history of race and ethnicity in Latin America is long and complicated; seemingly, the more we know about identity constructions, the less we understand them. Loveman (sociology, Univ. of California, Berkeley) employs national censuses to interrogate why and when racial classifications appear and disappear and to document how policy shifts both within Latin America and internationally are reflected in censuses. Much of the material Loveman covers will be familiar to scholars of race and ethnicity in Latin America. Early-19th-century censuses that included what Loveman terms "ethnoracial categorizations" were a violation of the theoretically race-blind liberal policies that governed the newly independent countries. By the end of the 19th century, census takers included racial categories to document the disappearance of non-European populations, which led to a statistical ethnocide of indigenous, African, and Chinese populations. At the end of the 20th century, the purpose of classification once again shifted to documenting the preservation rather than the disappearance of ethnoracial distinctiveness. Loveman usefully chronicles changing attitudes toward race in Latin America, how those interpretations vary across the region, and how they reflect international norms of progress and development. Summing Up: Recommended. All levels/libraries. --Marc Becker, Truman State University